![]() ![]() Culture is considered as a multifaceted set of behaviors, beliefs, attitudes and practices, which can all influence health and its behaviors. In fact, sleeping patterns do vary across cultures despite the levelling tendencies of globalization. Middle-East, Arab countries and developing countries and all the cited tools reflect the insomnia perception in the developed countries. Although Arabic versions of some scales were validated in Lebanon, none of these instruments was generated in a neighboring country i.e. Moreover, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index has 18 questions to be answered by the subject, plus an additional six by a roommate, which creates a drawback in the assessment of insomnia in case the person lives alone. the RIS to measure the psychological and quantitative aspects of insomnia, the ISI to measure the severity of insomnia symptoms, whereas the AIS includes questions to diagnose insomnia and its next-day consequences. However, each scale screens for one aspect of insomnia, i.e. Numerous standardized and validated tools had been established for measuring insomnia intensity, including but not limited to the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS), the Regensburg Insomnia Scale (RIS), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), reflecting the increasing need for assessment instruments in insomnia research. In Lebanon, the prevalence of insomnia reported in recent studies conducted among the general population was 34.5% in one cohort that started in 2014 and 47.1% in a cross-sectional national study that was conducted between 20. However, health care professionals might be discouraged to conduct such evaluation in their daily practice because of the time restraints, thus, the need for brief and valid self-reporting scales that can facilitate the initial screening. ![]() Insomnia can be diagnosed via a clinical evaluation. Several factors might be the cause of this wide variation, including but not limited to, the differences in the insomnia definition, the evaluation instruments and geographical settings. ![]() Moreover, it is often correlated to psychiatric disorders, especially depression and anxiety. It affects one’s life negatively especially when it comes to daily functioning, work absenteeism and quality of life. Insomnia seems to be one of the most common sleep complaints among people. The results demonstrate that the LIS-18 can be used in clinical practice and research to measure insomnia. The positive predicted value (PPV) of the LIS-18 score in sample 2 was 93.3%, whereas the negative predicted value (NPV) was 88.4%. A third ROC curve, comparing participants diagnosed by a physician or taking drug medication for insomnia and healthy control without insomnia drug, showed that the optimal score was seen at 51.50, with good sensitivity and specificity at this cutoff as well (90.0 and 78.10%, respectively). those not taking drug, showed that the optimal score was seen at a cutoff of 52.50, with a good sensitivity and specificity at this cutoff (89.5 and 80.0%, respectively). A second ROC curve, comparing participants taking drug medication for insomnia vs. The first ROC curve, comparing participants with diagnosed insomnia to healthy individuals, showed that the optimal score was seen at a cutoff of 58.00, with a good sensitivity and specificity at this cutoff (93.3 and 88.4%, respectively). Resultsįive factors derived from the LIS-18 scale items with an Eigenvalue over 1, explaining a total of 59.64% of the variance (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.821). A second sample was recruited in May 2018 to confirm the results obtained from the first sample. MethodsĪ first cross-sectional study, conducted between August 2017 and April 2018, enrolled 789 participants (sample 1). To define the development and validation of the Lebanese Insomnia Scale (LIS-18) to be used for the evaluation of insomnia in Lebanese adult patients. ![]()
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